Ecological Life Cycle Assessment Modified Novolaks Waste Used in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Ecological Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) applied in the assessment of the impact of products on the environment is a technique that allows for the evaluation of the environmental impact of polymeric flocculants used in industrial wastewater treatment. The possibility of conducting a full life cycle and thus manufacturing process analysis allows for reliable and accurate identification of the sources of environmental hazards and the impact of new products on the environment. Newly synthesized waste-based polymers are water soluble and possess the properties of flocculants, while reducing the parameters in industrial wastewater. In the paper, there are presented the results of the analysis conducted using LCA technique for the assessment of the impact of modified waste phenol formaldehyde resin (Novolak) on the environment. LCA technique was used to assess the impact of the new flocculant applied in the process of metallurgical wastewater treatment taking into account the environmental impact of the fl occulant manufacturing process

Simulation of S-entropy production during the transport of non-electrolyte solutions in the double-membrane system

Using the classical Kedem-Katchalsky' membrane transport theory, a mathematical model was developed and the original concentration volume flux (J(v)), solute flux (J(s)) characteristics, and S-entropy production by J(v), ((psi S)Jv) and by J(s) ((psi S)Js) in a double-membrane system were simulated. In this system, M-1 and M-r membranes separated the l, m, and r compartments containing homogeneous solutions of one non-electrolytic substance. The compartment m consists of the infinitesimal layer of solution and its volume fulfills the condition V-m -> 0. The volume of compartments l and r fulfills the condition V-l = V-r -> infinity. At the initial moment, the concentrations of the solution in the cell satisfy the condition C-l < C-m < C-r. Based on this model, for fixed values of transport parameters of membranes (i.e., the reflection (sigma(l), sigma(r)), hydraulic permeability (L-pl, L-pr), and solute permeability (omega(l), omega(r)) coefficients), the original dependencies C-m = f(C-l - C-r), J(v) = f(C-l - C-r), J(s) = f(C-l - C-r), (psi S)Jv = f(C-l - C-r), (psi S)Js = f(C-l - C-r), R-v = f(C-l - C-r), and R-s = f(C-l - C-r) were calculated. Each of the obtained features was specially arranged as a pair of parabola, hyperbola, or other complex curves.Web of Science224art. no. 46

Badania wpływu obciążeń cyklicznych na zmiany właściwości termomechanicznych poliamidu

The samples of polyamide 6.10 were subjected to strains by stretching-compression and by bending at temps. in the range from -140 degrees C to 140 degrees C. The tests were conducted for single cycle and multiple cycles, for previously loaded as well as unloaded samples. Dynamic anal method and differential scanning calorimetry were used to det. values of mech. lossi-ness factors and degrees of crystallinity, resp. Cyclic loads of polyamide samples resulted in a decrease in the value of its mech. lossiness factors and degree of crystallinity.Badano próbki poliamidu 6.10. Tworzywo do badań wybrano ze względu na to, że jest ono stosowane na elementy konstrukcyjne często poddawane obciążeniom cyklicznym podczas użytkowania. Przedstawiono wyniki badań charakterystyk odkształceniowo-naprężeniowych uzyskanych w próbie cyklicznego rozciągania- -ściskania przy założeniu całkowitego odkształcenia granicznego w przedziale od -0,3 do 0,3%. Rejestrowano zależność pomiędzy naprężeniem rozciągającym i wydłużeniem próbki po 1 i po 3000 cykli obciążenia z częstotliwością 1 Hz, uzyskując pętle histerezy. Przeprowadzono badania DMTA w celu oceny zmian dynamicznych właściwości mechanicznych. Dodatkowo zbadano właściwości termiczne metodą DSC.Web of Science97226626

Use of LCA for assessment of environmental impact of newly synthesized polymeric flocculants

Środowiskowa ocena cyklu życia (LCA) stosowana w ocenie oddziaływania produktów na środowisko jest techniką, która może mieć duże znaczenie w produkcji flokulantów polimerowych. Możliwość przeprowadzenia pełnej analizy cyklu życia flokulantów, a tym samym procesów produkcyjnych, z użyciem oprogramowań LCA pozwala na wiarygodną i rzetelną identyfikację źródeł zagrożeń środowiskowych i wpływu projektowanych produktów na środowisko. W artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania techniki LCA do identyfikacji źródeł i oceny oddziaływania na środowisko potencjalnych flokulantów syntezowanych z poprodukcyjnych odpadów żywic fenolowo- -formaldehydowych. Ocena cyklu życia mostanowić odpowiednie narzędzie do działań pozwalających na ograniczenie zagrożeń środowiskowych i dokonać wyboru flokulantu najmniej obciążającego środowisko.Wastes from prodn. of PhOH-CH2O and styrene resins were used for prepn. of flocculants applied in treatment of metallurgical wastewater by coagulation. The anal. of life cycle of the flocculants showed their advantage over corn. ones.Web of Science96122566256

Management of Energy Conversion Processes in Membrane Systems

The internal energy (U-energy) conversion to free energy (F-energy) and energy dissipation (S-energy) is a basic process that enables the continuity of life on Earth. Here, we present a novel method of evaluating F-energy in a membrane system containing ternary solutions of non-electrolytes based on the Kr version of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner (K–K–P) formalism for concentration polarization conditions. The use of this formalism allows the determination of F-energy based on the production of S-energy and coefficient of the energy conversion efficiency. The K–K–P formalism requires the calculation of the Peusner coefficients Kijr and Kdetr (i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}, r = A, B), which are necessary to calculate S-energy, the degree of coupling and coefficients of energy conversion efficiency. In turn, the equations for S-energy and coefficients of energy conversion efficiency are used in the F-energy calculations. The Kr form of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner model equations, containing the Peusner coefficients Kijr and Kdetr, enables the analysis of energy conversion in membrane systems and is a useful tool for studying the transport properties of membranes. We showed that osmotic pressure dependences of indicated Peusner coefficients, energy conversion efficiency coefficient, entropy and energy production are nonlinear. These nonlinearities were caused by pseudophase transitions from non-convective to convective states or vice versa. The method presented in the paper can be used to assess F-energy resources. The results can be adapted to various membrane systems used in chemical engineering, environmental engineering or medical applications. It can be used in designing new technologies as a part of process management

Modelling of the electrical membrane potential for concentration polarization conditions

Based on Kedem-Katchalsky formalism, the model equation of the membrane potential (& UDelta;psi s) generated in a membrane system was derived for the conditions of concentration polarization. In this system, a horizontally oriented electro-neutral biomembrane separates solutions of the same electrolytes at different concentrations. The consequence of concentration polarization is the creation, on both sides of the membrane, of concentration boundary layers. The basic equation of this model includes the unknown ratio of solution concentrations (C-i/C-e) at the membrane/concentration boundary layers. We present the calculation procedure (C-i/C-e) based on novel equations derived in the paper containing the transport parameters of the membrane (L-p, sigma, and omega), solutions (rho, nu), concentration boundary layer thicknesses (delta(l), delta(h)), concentration Raileigh number (R-C), concentration polarization factor (zeta(s)), volume flux (J(v)), mechanical pressure difference (& UDelta;P), and ratio of known solution concentrations (C-h/C-l). From the resulting equation, & UDelta;psi(s) was calculated for various combinations of the solution concentration ratio (C-h/C-l), the Rayleigh concentration number (R-C), the concentration polarization coefficient (zeta(s)), and the hydrostatic pressure difference (& UDelta;P). Calculations were performed for a case where an aqueous NaCl solution with a fixed concentration of 1 mol m(-3) (C-l) was on one side of the membrane and on the other side an aqueous NaCl solution with a concentration between 1 and 15 mol m(-3) (C-h). It is shown that (& UDelta;psi(s)) depends on the value of one of the factors (i.e., & UDelta;P, C-h/C-l, R-C and zeta(s)) at a fixed value of the other three.Web of Science241art. no. 13

Polioptymalizacja procesu chemicznego i biologicznego usuwania związków azotu i fosforu ze ścieków komunalnych z wykorzystaniem wielowątkowego systemu sterowania predykcyjnego (MPC)

An advanced model for the optimization of the title processes was developed by using a multi-threaded predictive control system. The activated sludge method was used in 2 biol. reactors, where denitrification and nitrification and removal of org. C compds. and dephosphatation took place. A sewage aeration and movement in bioreactors was generated by using agitators or sludge recirculation. The computer model of the wastewater treatment plant was developed in a com. environment. An activated sludge model was used to model biochem. processes, including org. C and N removal and transformations involving bacteria using the ability to store P in cell biomass. Then, quantitative and qualitative parameters were identified and the model was calibrated by det. the agreement of simulation results with measured data.Opracowano polimorficzny model reaktora biologicznego z logiczną reprezentacją wiedzy o obiekcie sterowania i sterowaniu, dla których proces uczenia się polega na sukcesywnej walidacji i uaktualnianiu wiedzy oraz wykorzystywaniu wyników tego uaktualniania do wyznaczania decyzji sterujących. Na podstawie ciągłego pomiaru stężenia fosforu (jako PO4-P) określono ładunki fosforu jako iloczyn przepływu i stężenia. Różnicę pomiędzy fosforem całkowitym a PO4-P określono empirycznie zgodnie z klasyczną analityką. Zastosowany system sterowania, poza efektem energetycznym, pozwalał również na optymalizację zużycia środka strącającego (PIX, koagulant nieorganiczny oparty na trójwartościowym żelazie Fe3+).Web of Science98111827182